Journal of Economic Literature · 2020 · David E. Bloom、Michael Kühn、Klaus Prettner A
中文摘要
我们讨论并综述了自20世纪末以来有关流行病和大流行病宏观经济效应的文献。首先，我们阐述健康在推动经济增长与福祉方面的作用，并讨论评估传染病经济负担的标准框架。其次，我们勾勒一个一般性理论框架，用以评估政策制定者在应对传染病及其宏观经济后果时必须权衡的各种取舍。在此过程中，我们强调经济后果取决于：(i) 疾病特征；(ii) 个体在易感性、偏好和收入方面的不平等；以及 (iii) 各国在制度与宏观经济环境方面的异质性。第三，我们研究旨在减轻和预防传染病及其宏观经济后果的药物与非药物干预政策。第四，我们讨论五种传染病的健康代价与经济影响：HIV/AIDS、疟疾、结核病、流感和COVID-19。尽管重大流行病和大流行病可能造成巨大的人类生命代价并带来惊人的经济负担，但早期且有针对性的健康与经济政策干预往往能够在相当程度上减轻这两者。
Abstract
We discuss and review literature on the macroeconomic effects of epidemics and pandemics since the late 20th century. First, we cover the role of health in driving economic growth and well-being and discuss standard frameworks for assessing the economic burden of infectious diseases. Second, we sketch a general theoretical framework to evaluate the tradeoffs policymakers must consider when addressing infectious diseases and their macroeconomic repercussions.In so doing, we emphasize the dependence of economic consequences on (i) disease characteristics; (ii) inequalities among individuals in terms of susceptibility, preferences, and income; and (iii) cross-country heterogeneities in terms of their institutional and macroeconomic environments. Third, we study pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical policies aimed at mitigating and preventing infectious diseases and their macroeconomic repercussions. Fourth, we discuss the health toll and economic impacts of five infectious diseases:HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, influenza, and COVID-19. Although major epidemics and pandemics can take an enormous human toll and impose a staggering economic burden, early and targeted health and economic policy interventions can often mitigate both to a substantial degree.