背景很重要，但父母是否为移民不重要：丹麦出生儿童的结局
Background Matters, but Not Whether Parents Are Immigrants: Outcomes of Children Born in Denmark
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · 2025 · [{"name": "Mathias Fjællegaard Jensen", "affiliation": ["University of Oxford"]}, {"name": "Alan Manning", "affiliation": ["London School of Economics and Political Science"]}]
中文摘要
在欧洲，移民子女的经济结果往往不如本地出生父母的子女。本文表明，在丹麦出生、父母为移民的子女（第一代本地人）相较于父母为本地出生者的子女，收入更低、失业率更高、受教育程度更低、领取的福利转移支付更多，且刑事定罪更多。然而，当我们以父母的社会经济特征为条件时，第一代本地人的表现总体上与本地人子女相当或略好。尽管移民子女更可能来自贫困背景，但在给定父母背景的条件下，他们的结果并没有实质性差异。（JEL I38, J13, J15, J31, J82）
Abstract
In Europe, the children of migrants often have worse economic outcomes than those with local-born parents. This paper shows that children born in Denmark with immigrant parents (first-generation locals) have lower earnings, higher unemployment, less education, more welfare transfers, and more criminal convictions than children with local-born parents. However, when we condition on parental socioeconomic characteristics, first-generation locals generally perform as well or slightly better than the children of locals. While children of immigrants are more likely to come from deprived backgrounds, they do not experience substantially different outcomes conditional on parental background. (JEL I38, J13, J15, J31, J82)