你无法迫使我照护育儿：陪产假与子女惩罚
You Cannot Force Me Into Caregiving: Paternity Leave and the Child Penalty
The Economic Journal · 2025 · [{"name": "Martin Eckhoff Andresen", "affiliation": ["University of Oslo"]}, {"name": "Emily Nix", "affiliation": ["University of Southern California", "California Southern University"]}]
中文摘要
子女会导致母亲收入大幅下降，但不会影响父亲的收入，这一被称为"子女惩罚"的典型事实，解释了剩余性别收入差距的相当大一部分。我们评估了陪产假——一项旨在增加父亲与年幼子女相处时间、并可能通过使照护责任更加公平分担从而降低子女惩罚的政策——的影响。尽管绝大多数父亲都休了这一假期，我们并未检测到其对子女惩罚产生任何影响。我们还发现，陪产假对父亲为后续子女所休假期的时长——这是夫妻内部性别规范的一个良好代理变量——同样没有影响。利用母亲和父亲休假方式的详细数据，我们提出一种可能的解释：父亲对待育儿假的方式与母亲截然不同。父亲更可能在暑假期间休陪产假——此时其子女已在接受正规照护——并且比母亲休更多的兼职假。这一倾向在因陪产假配额而被诱导休更多假的父亲中，比一般父亲更为明显，这表明配额诱导的休假可能并不会使父亲充当主要照护者。因此，我们提供的描述性证据表明：在父亲自愿休假的家庭中，子女惩罚比在父亲因陪产假配额诱导而休假的家庭中小近10个百分点。
Abstract
Abstract Children cause large reductions in earnings for mothers, but not fathers, a stylised fact known as the ‘child penalty’ that explains a substantial portion of remaining gender income gaps. We evaluate the impact of paternity leave, a policy intended to increase fathers’ time with their young children and potentially decrease the child penalty by making caregiving more equitable. Despite fathers overwhelmingly taking up this leave, we detect no impacts on child penalties. We additionally find no impact of paternity leave on the amount of leave fathers take for subsequent children, a good proxy for gender norms within couples. Using detailed data on how mothers and fathers take leave, we highlight one possible explanation: fathers approach parental leave very differently than mothers. Fathers are much more likely to take their paternity leave during summer holidays, when their children are already in formal care, and take more part-time leave than mothers. This tendency is stronger among fathers induced to take more leave by paternity leave quotas than fathers in general, suggesting that quota-induced leave may not lead fathers to act as primary caregivers. Consequently, we show descriptive evidence that child penalties are almost 10 percentage points smaller in families where fathers voluntarily take leave than in families where fathers are induced to take leave by paternity leave quotas.