战争驱动的永久性移民、性别比例与女性劳动力参与
War-Driven Permanent Emigration, Sex Ratios, and Female Labor Force Participation
Journal of Human Resources · 2023 · [{"name": "Ana Rute Cardoso", "affiliation": ["Universidade Nova de Lisboa"]}, {"name": "Louis‐Philippe Morin", "affiliation": ["Institut national de psychiatrie légale Philippe-Pinel"]}]
中文摘要
我们研究在男性稀缺导致性别比失衡的情况下女性劳动参与率的驱动因素。为此，我们利用基于20世纪60年代由葡萄牙殖民战争推动的大规模移民所构建的工具变量，识别不同出生队列和地区之间性别比的外生变化。随着性别比下降，女性劳动参与率上升，而结婚率未受影响。女性在顶层职业中的代表性提高，性别工资差距缩小，这与有利于女性劳动力的需求冲击占主导地位的情况一致。
Abstract
<h3>Abstract</h3> We investigate the drivers of female labor force participation in the presence of unbalanced sex ratios due to a scarcity of males. To do so, we exploit exogenous variation in sex ratios across cohorts and regions, using instruments based on massive emigration in the 1960s that was fueled by the Portuguese Colonial War. As the sex ratio declined, female labor force participation increased, while the marriage rate was unaffected. Female representation among top occupations increased, and the gender pay gap declined, consistent with the predominance of a demand shock favoring female labor.