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避免农田起火:面向环境安全的作物秸秆管理的信息发布政策

Avoiding Fields on Fire: Information Dissemination Policies for Environmentally Safe Crop-Residue Management
Management Science · 2025 · Mehdi Hosseinabadi Farahani、Milind Dawande、Ganesh Janakiraman、Shouqiang Wang

中文摘要

农业露天焚烧,即在已收割的田地里焚烧作物秸秆以为播种下一季作物整地的做法,被普遍认为是CO₂和黑碳排放以及长期气候变化的重要成因。使用一种名为"Happy Seeder"(快乐播种机)的农业机械的少耕做法——该机械无需清除前一季作物秸秆即可播种新作物——已成为露天焚烧最有效的替代方案。然而,鉴于政府提供的Happy Seeder数量有限,加之农民若延误播种新作物将遭受显著的产量损失,农民往往不愿等待Happy Seeder前来作业,转而焚烧其作物秸秆。我们研究政府如何在Happy Seeder的运行中运用有效的信息披露政策,以最大限度地减少露天焚烧。每台Happy Seeder被分配服务一组农场。在播种季开始时,政府知晓Happy Seeder的作业日程,但不一定予以披露。我们提出一类信息披露政策,称为"延迟披露政策"(dilatory policies),即在预设的转换期之前不向农民提供任何有关日程的信息,此后再披露全部日程。我们证明,与完全披露政策和不披露政策相比,最优延迟披露政策可显著减少被焚烧的农场数量。利用印度西北部稻-麦轮作体系的数据,我们证明最优延迟披露政策平均可使CO₂和黑碳排放减少17%。我们还考察了政府政策对环境损害与农民福利之间权衡的影响。

Abstract

Agricultural open burning, that is, the practice of burning crop residue in harvested fields to prepare land for sowing a new crop, is well recognized as a significant contributor to CO_{2} and black-carbon emissions, and long-term climate change. Low-soil-tillage practices using an agricultural machine called the Happy Seeder, which can sow the new seed without removing the previous crop residue, have emerged as the most effective alternative to open burning. However, given the limited supply of Happy Seeders from the government, and the fact that farmers incur a significant yield loss if they delay sowing the new crop, farmers are often unwilling to wait to be processed by the Happy Seeder and, instead, burn their crop residue. We study how the government can use effective information-disclosure policies in the operation of Happy Seeders to minimize open burning. A Happy Seeder is assigned to process a group of farms. The government knows, but does not necessarily disclose, the Happy Seeder’s schedule at the start of the sowing season. We propose a class of information-disclosure policies, called dilatory policies, that provide no information to the farmers about the schedule until a prespecified switch period and then reveal the entire schedule afterward. We show that an optimal dilatory policy can significantly lower the number of farms burnt compared with that under the full-disclosure and the no-disclosure policies. Using data from the rice-wheat crop system in northwestern India, we demonstrate that the optimal dilatory policy can reduce CO_{2} and black-carbon emissions by 17% on average. We also examine the impact of the government’s policy on the trade-off between environmental damage and farmers’ welfare.
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