战争、税收与代议制：来自德国五百年历史的证据
Wars, Taxation, and Representation: Evidence from Five Centuries of German History
Journal of the European Economic Association · 2025 · [{"name": "Sascha O. Becker", "affiliation": ["University of Warwick", "Monash University"]}, {"name": "Andreas Ferrara", "affiliation": ["University of Pittsburgh"]}, {"name": "Eric Melander", "affiliation": ["University of Birmingham"]}, {"name": "Luigi Pascali", "affiliation": ["Universitat Pompeu Fabra", "Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli"]}]
中文摘要
摘要 我们为战争在中世纪宪政发展中的作用提供了因果证据。利用 1290 年至 1710 年间德国城市全体的新数据，我们表明，军事冲突导致市议会规模扩大、更可能由市民选举产生，且更可能包括手工业行会代表。此外，这些冲突还使地方财政和支出能力大幅提升。我们利用当地贵族头胎子女的性别作为冲突外生变异的来源。
Abstract
Abstract We provide causal evidence for the role of warfare in the development of medieval constitutionalism. Using novel data on the universe of German cities between 1290 and 1710, we show that military conflicts led to city councils that were larger, more likely to be elected by citizens, and more likely to include representatives of craft guilds. Additionally, these conflicts resulted in a substantial increase in local fiscal and spending capacity. We exploit the gender of the firstborn children of local nobles as a source of exogenous variation in conflicts.