中文摘要
劳动力市场的不完全竞争可能导致效率损失和总产出下降。本文考察劳动力市场竞争程度的差异如何解释各国人均GDP的差异。通过对不同发展阶段下具有自由进入的寡头买方垄断模型进行结构估计，我们发现劳动力市场力量随人均GDP的提高而增强。工资折价幅度从低收入国家的54%到最富裕国家的约24%不等。如果较贫穷国家的劳动力市场能像较发达国家一样具有竞争性，其人均产出最高可提高44%。(JEL E23, J22, J31, J42, L13, L25, O47)
Abstract
Imperfect competition in labor markets can lead to efficiency losses and lower aggregate output. This paper examines how variations in labor market competitiveness may account for differences in GDP per capita among countries. By structurally estimating an oligop-sony model with free entry across different development stages, we find that labor market power increases with GDP per capita. Wage markdowns vary from 54 percent in low-income countries to around 24 percent in the richest ones. If labor markets in poorer countries were as competitive as in more developed ones, their output per capita could rise by up to 44 percent. (JEL E23, J22, J31, J42, L13, L25, O47)