中文摘要
我们通过评估以下方面的已有认识——社会偏好的基本属性、其在更广泛人群中的分布，以及其对重要经济和政治行为的后果——回顾了有关社会偏好的大量文献。我们特别概述了分配偏好的实证特征，以及这些偏好如何受到功绩、运气和对机会平等关切的影响。此外，我们讨论了互惠和内疚厌恶的证据，并评估了自我形象和社会形象关切在亲社会行为中的实证相关性。总体证据表明，绝大多数个体具有某种社会偏好，而纯粹自利的个体只是少数。我们还记录了来自实验室和实地研究的趋同见解，涉及工资不平等对工作士气的影响、员工对降薪的抵制，以及社会偏好在合作与集体行动、分配政治和个体选择进入不同职业中的作用。(JEL D63, D71, D72, D86, H23, J53)
Abstract
We review the vast literature on social preferences by assessing what is known about their fundamental properties, their distribution in the broader population, and their consequences for important economic and political behaviors. We provide, in particular, an overview of the empirical characteristics of distributional preferences and how they are affected by merit, luck, and concerns for equality of opportunity. In addition, we discuss the evidence for reciprocity and guilt aversion and assess the empirical relevance of self-image and social image concerns in prosocial behaviors. The overall evidence indicates that a large majority of individuals have some sort of social preferences, while purely self-interested subjects are a minority. We also document converging insights from the lab and the field on the impact of wage inequality on work morale, employees’ resistance to wage cuts, and the role of social preferences for cooperation and collective action, distributive politics, and individuals’ selection into different occupations. (JEL D63, D71, D72, D86, H23, J53)