中文摘要
本文为实证研究者提供了一份研究设计入门与指南,该设计基于法官与审查员在实施处理或其他干预措施时倾向性的差异。我们回顾了该研究设计背后的基本理论,概述了该设计据以识别因果效应的假设,描述了对识别条件的实证检验,并讨论了研究者在估计时必须做出的选择所涉及的权衡取舍。我们通过一项实证案例研究展示了相关概念与最佳实践,该案例采用审查员倾向性研究设计,考察了审前羁押的影响。（JEL C21, C26, K14, K41）
Abstract
This article provides empirical researchers with an introduction and guide to research designs based on variation in judge and examiner tendencies to administer treatments or other interventions. We review the basic theory behind this research design, outline the assumptions under which the design identifies causal effects, describe empirical tests of the conditions for identification, and discuss trade-offs associated with choices researchers must make for estimation. We demonstrate concepts and best practices in an empirical case study that uses an examiner tendency research design to study the effects of pretrial detention. (JEL C21, C26, K14, K41)