不平等与英国的 COVID-19 危机

Annual Review of Economics · 2022 · [{"name": "Richard Blundell", "affiliation": ["Institute for Fiscal Studies", "University College London"]}, {"name": "Mónica Costa Dias", "affiliation": ["Institute for Fiscal Studies", "University of Bristol"]}, {"name": "Jonathan Cribb", "affiliation": ["Institute for Fiscal Studies"]}, {"name": "Robert Joyce", "affiliation": ["Institute for Fiscal Studies"]}, {"name": "Tom Waters", "affiliation": ["Institute for Fiscal Studies", "University College London"]}, {"name": "Thomas Wernham", "affiliation": ["Institute for Fiscal Studies"]}, {"name": "Xiaowei Xu", "affiliation": ["Institute for Fiscal Studies"]}]

中文摘要

我们回顾了新冠疫情对英国教育、劳动力市场、家庭生活水平、心理健康和财富等方面不平等的影响。疫情在多个维度上推高了不平等。学校停课尤其扰乱了较贫困儿童的学习，导致其学业成就下降。心理健康方面，疫情前心理健康状况本就较差的群体（女性和较年轻成年人）状况进一步恶化。封锁和社交距离措施尤其削弱了较年轻、收入较低和受教育程度较低人群的工作能力。然而，就业支持计划与扩大的福利体系相结合，意味着可支配收入不平等如果有变化的话，也是有所下降。房价上涨使处于财富分布中间位置的人群受益。从长期来看，受教育程度较低者工作经验和培训的减少，以及错失的学校教育——尤其是来自较贫困家庭的儿童——可能会推高人力资本不平等，并降低社会流动性。

Abstract

We review the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on inequalities in education, the labor market, household living standards, mental health, and wealth in the United Kingdom. The pandemic has pushed up inequalities on several dimensions. School closures, in particular, disrupted the learning of poorer children, leading to lower attainment. Mental health worsened for those groups (women and younger adults) who had poorer mental health pre-pandemic. Lockdowns and social distancing particularly reduced the ability of younger, lower-earning, and less educated people to work. However, job-support programs combined with the expanded welfare system meant that, if anything, disposable income inequality fell. Rising house prices have benefited people around the middle of the wealth distribution. In the longer term, lower work experience and training for the less educated and missed schooling—particularly among children from more deprived families—could push up human capital inequalities and reduce social mobility.