Management Science · 2025 · Uttara M. Ananthakrishnan、Sharique Hasan、Anuj Kumar
中文摘要
警务中种族偏见的盛行长期受到社会科学家和政策制定者的关注。本文研究一种在美国社会中构成警务偏见重要来源的前置机制: 个人因“可疑”行为——通常涉及邻居——而报警请警方调查的电话。我们构建了一个新颖的数据集, 涵盖 2011 年至 2020 年间美国 14 个城市超过 3900 万通 911 报警电话。这些通过地方政府数字化项目获得的数据, 为我们提供了研究社区层面信任与社会凝聚力的独特机会, 并展示了社区人口构成的变化如何导致“无根据”可疑报警电话的盛行程度出现系统性上升。在一系列模型设定下, 随着更多非黑人居民迁入历史上黑人居民比例较高的社区, 无根据可疑报警电话所占比例上升。这一关系在正在士绅化的社区, 以及拥有能促进社区成员间更多接触的公共空间的社区中更为加剧。然而, 我们也发现一些证据表明, 社区中的黑人领导层以及公众对黑人公民的支持能够缓解非黑人居民与无根据 911 报警电话比例之间的关联。我们讨论了研究结果及其对未来研究与政策的启示。
Abstract
The prevalence of racial bias in policing has long concerned social scientists and policymakers. This article studies a predecessor mechanism that constitutes an important source of policing bias in American society: calls by individuals to the police to investigate “suspicious” behaviors, often involving neighbors. We construct a novel data set of more than 39 million 911 calls across 14 U.S. cities from 2011 to 2020. These data, obtained through the digitization initiatives of local governments, provide us with a unique opportunity to study neighborhood-level trust and social cohesion and demonstrate how changes to a neighborhood’s composition lead to systematic increases in the prevalence of “unfounded” suspicion calls to the police. Across a range of specifications, the proportion of unfounded suspicion calls increases as more non-Black residents move into neighborhoods with historically high levels of Black residents. This relationship is exacerbated in gentrifying neighborhoods and those with public spaces that enable more contact between community members. However, we also find some evidence that Black leadership and public support of Black citizens in communities mitigate the association between non-Black residents and the proportion of unfounded 911 calls. We discuss our results and implications for future research and policy.