贫困国家 COVID-19 大流行的经济学
The Economics of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poor Countries
Annual Review of Economics · 2022 · [{"name": "Edward Miguel", "affiliation": ["University of California, Berkeley"]}, {"name": "Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak", "affiliation": ["Yale University"]}]
中文摘要
COVID-19 大流行颠覆了全球的健康和生活水平。本文对这些影响进行阶段性概述，特别聚焦于低收入和中等收入国家（LMICs）。经济学家已阐明，与富裕国家相比，此次大流行可能对 LMICs 产生不同的后果，并要求采取不同的政策应对。我们综述了迅速扩展的实证研究文献，这些文献记录了大流行在生活水平、教育、健康和性别平等等方面造成的诸多不利经济与非经济影响，这些影响在范围和规模上似乎前所未有。我们还回顾了关于成功与失败政策应对的研究，包括许多 LMICs 未能确保广泛疫苗覆盖这一失败——而广泛疫苗覆盖正是终结大流行所必需的。最后，鉴于未来仍可能出现大流行及其他重大冲击（如气候变化），我们讨论了这对 LMICs 公共政策以及国际治理机构的影响。
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has upended health and living standards around the world. This article provides an interim overview of these effects, with a particular focus on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Economists have explained how the pandemic is likely to have different consequences for LMICs and demands distinct policy responses compared to those of rich countries. We survey the rapidly expanding body of empirical research that documents the pandemic's many adverse economic and noneconomic effects in terms of living standards, education, health, and gender equality, which appear to be unprecedented in scope and scale. We also review research on successful and failed policy responses, including the failure to ensure widespread vaccine coverage in many LMICs, which is needed to end the pandemic. We close with a discussion of implications for public policy in LMICs and for the institutions of international governance, given the likelihood of future pandemics and other major shocks (e.g., climate).