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“垫脚石”与“死胡同”工作:职业结构、工作经历与脱离低工资工作的流动

“Stepping-Stone” versus “Dead-End” Jobs: Occupational Structure, Work Experience, and Mobility Out of Low-Wage Jobs
American Sociological Review · 2024 · Ted Mouw、Arne L. Kalleberg、Michael A. Schultz

中文摘要

从事低工资工作会增加向上流动的机会,还是会成为困住工人的死胡同?本文考察低工资工作是否是“垫脚石”,使工人能够转向由制度性流动阶梯和技能可迁移性所联结的更高报酬工作。为识别职业联结,我们利用来自当前人口调查(CPS)匹配样本的职业流动数据以及来自O*NET的多维工作技能数据,构建了两种职业相似性度量。我们检验在低工资职业中的工作经验是否会增加相联结职业之间的流动,从而带来工资的向上流动。我们的分析使用来自1979年全国青年纵向研究(NLSY)以及1996至2008年收入与项目参与调查(SIPP)面板中低工资工人的纵向数据。我们使用多项条件logit(MCL)模型检验垫脚石视角,该模型使我们能够分析工作经验与职业联结对实现工资向上流动的联合效应。我们在低工资职业结构的某些领域发现了垫脚石式流动的证据。在这些职业中,低工资工人可以通过工作经验获得技能,从而通过向技能相联结和制度相联结的职业转换来促进向上流动。

Abstract

Does working in a low-wage job lead to increased opportunities for upward mobility, or is it a dead-end that traps workers? In this article, we examine whether low-wage jobs are “stepping-stones” that enable workers to move to higher-paid jobs that are linked by institutional mobility ladders and skill transferability. To identify occupational linkages, we create two measures of occupational similarity using data on occupational mobility from matched samples of the Current Population Survey (CPS) and data on multiple dimensions of job skills from the O*NET. We test whether work experience in low-wage occupations increases mobility between linked occupations that results in upward wage mobility. Our analysis uses longitudinal data on low-wage workers from the 1979 National Longitudinal Study of Youth (NLSY) and the 1996 to 2008 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). We test the stepping-stone perspective using multinomial conditional logit (MCL) models, which allow us to analyze the joint effects of work experience and occupational linkages on achieving upward wage mobility. We find evidence for stepping-stone mobility in certain areas of the low-wage occupational structure. In these occupations, low-wage workers can acquire skills through work experience that facilitate upward mobility through occupational changes to skill and institutionally linked occupations.
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