中文摘要
本文利用一个独特数据集，将丹麦的每日就业任职信息与企业层面会计数据相结合，考察劳动者沿企业工资阶梯与生产率阶梯的攀升过程。研究发现：(1) 全要素生产率（TFP）比企业支付的平均工资更能有效刻画职位阶梯，相对于工资阶梯，更多劳动者经历了从生产率阶梯较低层级向较高层级的企业间流动。(2) 以生产率职位阶梯衡量时，经济衰退具有清洗效应：与较高层级企业相比，较低生产率企业的就业增长下降更为陡峭。相反，由于企业间挖角减少，高工资企业的就业缩减幅度更大，从而在以工资职位阶梯衡量时产生污染效应。在衰退期间，由于挖角减少，高生产率企业的就业也表现出更强的周期性。然而，处于生产率分布低端的企业在衰退期间面临更显著的就业缩减，因为它们加大裁员力度并减少从失业池中招聘。(3) 诸如人均销售额之类的间接生产率指标可能掩盖甚至逆转衰退的清洗效应。
Abstract
Using a unique dataset that combines daily employment spell information with firm-level accounting data from Denmark, we explore workers' progression up firm wage and productivity ladders. We find that: (1) Total Factor Productivity (TFP) emerges as a more effective indicator of the job ladder than the average wage paid, with more workers experiencing employer-to-employer transitions from lower to upper tiers of the productivity ladder compared to the wage ladder. (2) Recessions have a cleansing effect when using the productivity job ladder: Lower productivity firms experience a steeper decline in employment growth compared to their higher-tier counterparts. In contrast, due to decreased poaching, high wage firms exhibit greater employment reductions, leading to a sullying effect when using the wage job ladder. High productivity firms also experience greater employment cyclicality due to decreased poaching during recessions. However, firms at the lower end of the productivity spectrum face a more pronounced employment reduction during recessions as they intensify layoffs and reduce hiring from the unemployment pool. (3) Indirect productivity measures, such as sales per worker, can hide or even reverse the cleansing effect of recessions.