赌上吃饭钱：体育博彩合法化与食物充足度
Wagering the Bread Money: Sports Betting Legalization and Food Sufficiency
NBER Working Papers · 2026 · [{"name": "Xiaohui Guo", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Lizhong Peng", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Chad Meyerhoefer", "affiliation": []}]
中文摘要
本文是首篇利用2021至2023年间各州法律交错实施这一特征，估计体育博彩合法化对食物充足性影响的研究。通过分析有关在线体育博彩平台与合法投注的谷歌搜索数据，我们发现体育博彩合法化后，公众对体育博彩的关注度急剧上升。将基于插补的双重差分设计应用于双周频的家庭脉搏调查（HPS）数据，我们发现，体育博彩合法化使没有大学学位的劳动年龄成年人家庭的食物充足性下降2.1%，这相当于活跃投注者中下降10.5%。该效应具有周期性，在NFL赛季期间可持续三至五个月。此外，在有25至44岁成年人的家庭以及种族/族裔少数群体家庭中，食物充足性的下降幅度更大。利用来自HPS、行为风险因素监测系统和当前人口调查的补充数据，我们对作用机制的探索表明，体育博彩对食物充足性的负面影响是通过财务困境而非心理健康或劳动供给的变化来传导的。粗略估算表明，九个州体育博彩合法化每年导致新增28.4万个食物不足家庭，并产生1.302亿美元的超额医疗保健支出。
Abstract
This is the first study to estimate the impact of sports gambling legalization on food sufficiency using the staggered implementation of state laws between 2021-2023. By analyzing Google searches for online sportsbooks and legal wagers, we show that interest in sports gambling increases sharply following legalization. Applying an imputation-based difference-in-differences design to biweekly Household Pulse Survey (HPS) data, we find that legalized sports gambling reduces household food sufficiency by 2.1 percent among working-age adults without a college degree, which translates to a 10.5 percent decline among active bettors. This effect is cyclical, persisting for three-to-five months during NFL seasons. Additionally, the declines in food sufficiency are larger among households with adults aged 25-44 and racial/ethnic minorities. Using additional data from the HPS, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and Current Population Survey, our exploration of mechanisms suggests that the negative effects on food sufficiency operate through financial distress rather than changes in mental health or labor supply. A back-of-the-envelope calculation indicates that legalization of sports gambling in nine states resulted in an additional 284,000 food-insufficient households and $130.2 million in excess healthcare expenditures annually.