一线主管如何塑造优先事项：来自警督的证据
How Frontline Supervisors Shape Priorities: Evidence from Police Lieutenants
NBER Working Papers · 2026 · [{"name": "Matthew Gudgeon", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Andrew Jordan", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Taeho Kim", "affiliation": []}]
中文摘要
我们研究一线主管如何在目标相互竞争、监督有限的公共组织中塑造结果。我们以芝加哥警察局的警督为研究对象，利用其轮换值勤日历进行识别。我们记录了警督固定效应在团队逮捕数量上的离散度，并发现种族是一个关键预测因素。随后，我们将预测黑人和西班牙裔警督当值的日期，与由白人警督监督的日期进行比较。在黑人和西班牙裔警督领导下，团队的低层级逮捕更少，同时改善了911报警调度时间。警督通过差异化地授予加班和奖励（针对严重逮捕而非自由裁量性逮捕）来塑造努力配置。
Abstract
We study how frontline supervisors shape outcomes in public organizations with competing objectives and limited monitoring. We examine lieutenants in the Chicago Police Department, exploiting its rotational operations calendar for identification. We document dispersion in lieutenant fixed effects on team arrests and find race to be a key predictor. We then compare days Black and Hispanic lieutenants are predicted on duty to days supervised by white lieutenants. Teams under Black and Hispanic lieutenants make fewer low-level arrests while improving 911 call dispatch time. Lieutenants shape effort allocation by differentially granting overtime and awards for serious rather than discretionary arrests.