中文摘要
我建立了一个关于种族社会建构的模型。当精英赋予本质上无关的特征以特权，借此分化工人、攫取工人剩余时，种族类别便从劳动冲突中产生。我表明，精英利用肤色来赋予不平等权利，并跨代追踪这些权利，因为肤色具有可遗传性、可观察性和相对不可改变性。根据精英所面临的人口条件，种族化体系或表现为基于血统的类别，或表现为基于肤色的类别。这一关于种族社会建构的方法，为肤色深浅不平等、婚姻中的种族同质性、混血人群的社会地位、吉姆·克劳制度的心理工资，以及对解放奴隶的法律限制，提供了统一的解释。我使用美国和巴西的人口普查数据检验种族边界的历史变异，并使用美洲各地的调查数据检验基于血统的体系与基于肤色的体系之间肤色深浅不平等的差异模式。
Abstract
Abstract I develop a model of the social construction of race. Racial categories emerge from labor conflict when elites privilege intrinsically irrelevant traits to divide workers against each other and extract workers’ surplus. I show that elites use color to grant unequal rights and track these rights across generations because it is heritable, observable, and relatively immutable. Depending on the demographic conditions the elites face, the system of racialization manifests either as ancestry-based or color-based categories. This approach to the social construction of race provides a unified explanation of skin-tone inequality, racial homophily in marriage, the social status of mixed-race people, the psychological wage of Jim Crow, and legal restrictions on manumission. I test for historical variations in racial boundaries using census data from the United States and Brazil and for differential patterns of skin-tone inequality between ancestry-based and color-based systems using survey data from across the Americas.