中文摘要
碳税的分配效应对其政治可接受性至关重要,且同时取决于收入与地理因素。利用法国行政数据、住户调查以及匹配的雇主—雇员记录,我们发现农村家庭在化石燃料上的支出是城市家庭的2.8倍,且其所在企业的温室气体排放量是城市家庭所在企业的2.7倍。我们将这些事实纳入一个包含迁移、住房与财富积累的空间异质性个体模型,从而衔接空间经济学与宏观经济学的分析路径。碳税给农村家庭造成的福利损失比城市家庭大56%,这是因为受流动性摩擦和住房自有的影响,前者可能被困于原地。统一的或基于收入的返还虽然能缩小收入维度上的不平等,却留下了巨大的空间差异,必须通过基于地域的转移支付加以弥补。这些结果表明,碳政策应考虑空间差异以提高政治可行性。
Abstract
The distributive effects of carbon taxation are critical for its political acceptability and depend on both income and geographic factors. Using French administrative data, household surveys, and matched employer–employee records, we document that rural households spend 2.8 times more on fossil fuels than urban households and work in firms that emit 2.7 times more greenhouse gases. We incorporate these facts into a spatial heterogeneous-agent model with migration, housing and wealth accumulation, bridging spatial and macroeconomic approaches. Carbon taxes generate 56% larger welfare losses for rural households than for urban households, as the former may be trapped due to mobility frictions and homeownership. While uniform or income-based rebates reduce inequality along the income dimension, they leave large spatial disparities that must be offset through location-based transfers. These results suggest that carbon policies should account for spatial differences to improve political feasibility.