强制性价格披露何时能降低价格？来自德国燃油市场的证据

The widespread availability of digital technologies has made mandatory price disclosure policies (MPD) a convenient tool for policymakers to increase price transparency and foster competition. The literature has shown that these can increase or decrease prices. We shed light on the circumstances under which MPD lowers prices. We study the introduction of MPD in the German retail fuel market by combining a stylized theoretical model with detailed data on prices, seller characteristics, and consumer information. We find that low levels of prior consumer information, a high number of sellers, and complementary information campaigns foster the procompetitive effects of MPD.