家庭生产时间与物质生活水平不平等：来自美国1965–2018年的证据
Household production time and inequality in material living standards in the U.S., 1965–2018
Journal of Public Economics · 2026 · [{"name": "Leila Gautham", "affiliation": ["University of Leeds"]}, {"name": "NANCY FOLBRE", "affiliation": ["University of Massachusetts Amherst"]}]
中文摘要
本文研究了过去五十年间，无偿家庭生产如何影响美国物质生活水平不平等的演变趋势。我们构建了扩展收入和消费指标，将家庭生产的估算价值加入标准市场概念之中。扩展收入和消费始终比其市场对应指标更为平等。投入家庭生产的时间的估算价值已大幅下降，且对货币贫困家庭的影响成比例地更大。因此，扩展指标不平等的上升幅度超过了市场收入和消费不平等的上升幅度。换言之，家庭生产缓冲市场资源不平等的程度随时间推移而下降。本分析对家庭生产中报告的时间小时数采用了下限重置成本价值法，且在使用不同估值方法和等价量表时结果依然稳健。
Abstract
We study how unpaid household production shapes trends in inequality in material living standards in the U.S. in the last five decades. We construct extended income and consumption measures that add the imputed value of household production to standard market concepts. Extended income and consumption are consistently more equal than their market counterparts. The imputed value of time devoted to household production has fallen considerably, with proportionately larger impacts on money-poor households. Inequality in extended measures has therefore risen more than for market income and consumption. In other words, the degree to which household production buffers inequality in market resources has fallen over time. This analysis applies a lower-bound replacement cost value to hours of time reported in household production and is robust to the use of different valuation and equivalence scales.