超越收入损失：工作流失与通勤成本

中文摘要

我们考察非自愿工作流失对劳动者通勤行为的影响，以及这一影响对失业总体福利成本的意义。利用德国2000—2017年带有地理位置信息的雇员—雇主匹配数据，我们追踪了劳动者从家门到工作地点的通勤及居住地搬迁模式。工作流失后，劳动者前往新工作的通勤距离增加23.1%（3.38公里），且这一效应随时间推移而减弱，原因在于更换工作而非搬迁住所。工资与通勤的同步变化表明，不同工作之间的工资差异未能补偿通勤成本。一个包含企业生产率与通勤距离异质性的在职搜寻模型能够解释这些发现，结构估计显示，德国普通劳动者的通勤成本为每天20.2欧元。因此，通勤距离延长使工作流失的总成本在工资损失的基础上进一步增加五分之一。

Abstract

We examine the impact of involuntary job displacement on workers’ commuting behavior and its implications for the overall welfare cost of job loss. Using geo-referenced employee-employer data from Germany (2000–2017), we track workers’ door-to-door commuting and relocation patterns between home and work. After displacement, workers commute 23.1% (3.38 kilometers) farther to new jobs, and the effect diminishes over time due to job changes rather than home relocation. The simultaneous wage and commuting effects suggest that wage differentials across jobs fail to compensate for commuting costs. An on-the-job search model with heterogeneous firm productivity and commuting distance rationalizes the findings, and structural estimates reveal that an average German worker’s commuting costs equal 20.2 euros per day. Hence, longer commutes exacerbate the total cost of job displacement by one-fifth of the wage losses.