超越收入损失：工作置换与通勤成本
Beyond lost earnings: Job displacement and the cost of commuting
Journal of Public Economics · 2026 · [{"name": "Yige Duan", "affiliation": ["Shanghai Jiao Tong University", "Huashan Hospital"]}, {"name": "Oskar Jost", "affiliation": ["Institut für Arbeitsmarkt und Berufsforschung"]}, {"name": "Ramona Jost", "affiliation": ["Institut für Arbeitsmarkt und Berufsforschung"]}, {"name": "Holger Seibert", "affiliation": ["Institut für Arbeitsmarkt und Berufsforschung", "Institute for Employment Studies", "Employment Agency"]}]
中文摘要
我们考察非自愿性失业对工人通勤行为的影响，以及由此对失业总体福利成本的含义。利用德国2000–2017年地理编码的雇员–雇主匹配数据，我们追踪工人在住所与工作地点之间的门到门通勤及搬迁模式。失业后，工人前往新工作的通勤距离增加23.1%（3.38公里），且该效应随时间推移而减弱，原因在于工作变动而非住所搬迁。工资效应与通勤效应同步出现表明，不同工作之间的工资差异未能补偿通勤成本。一个包含企业生产率异质性与通勤距离的在职搜寻模型可以解释上述发现；结构估计显示，德国普通工人的通勤成本约为每天20.2欧元。因此，更长的通勤使失业造成的总成本增加了工资损失的五分之一。
Abstract
We examine the impact of involuntary job displacement on workers’ commuting behavior and its implications for the overall welfare cost of job loss. Using geo-referenced employee-employer data from Germany (2000–2017), we track workers’ door-to-door commuting and relocation patterns between home and work. After displacement, workers commute 23.1% (3.38 kilometers) farther to new jobs, and the effect diminishes over time due to job changes rather than home relocation. The simultaneous wage and commuting effects suggest that wage differentials across jobs fail to compensate for commuting costs. An on-the-job search model with heterogeneous firm productivity and commuting distance rationalizes the findings, and structural estimates reveal that an average German worker’s commuting costs equal 20.2 euros per day. Hence, longer commutes exacerbate the total cost of job displacement by one-fifth of the wage losses.