智能手机数据揭示警察驻留的邻里层面种族差异
Smartphone Data Reveal Neighborhood-Level Racial Disparities in Police Presence
Review of Economics and Statistics · 2023 · [{"name": "M. Keith Chen", "affiliation": ["University of California, Los Angeles"]}, {"name": "Katherine L. Christensen", "affiliation": ["Indiana University Bloomington", "Indiana University"]}, {"name": "Elicia John", "affiliation": ["American University"]}, {"name": "Emily Owens", "affiliation": ["University of California, Irvine"]}, {"name": "Yilin Zhuo", "affiliation": ["University of California, Los Angeles"]}]
中文摘要
摘要：关于警务的研究主要集中于拦截、逮捕等有记录在案的行动，而对巡逻和在场则了解较少。我们使用匿名智能手机数据，绘制了美国21个最大城市中近10,000名警员在社区内的移动轨迹。黑人居民占比每增加1个百分点，警察在该社区停留的时间就增加0.36%。在控制了人口密度、社会经济地位以及犯罪驱动的警务需求之后，这种社区层面的差异依然存在，且在黑人警察主管（而非普通警员）较多的城市中可能更小。警察在场模式在统计上解释了黑人居民占比更高社区逮捕率偏高现象的57%。
Abstract
Abstract Research on policing has focused on documented actions such as stops and arrests—less is known about patrols and presence. We map the neighborhood movement of nearly 10,000 officers across 21 of America’s largest cities using anonymized smartphone data. Police spend 0.36% more time in neighborhoods for each percentage point increase in Black residents. This neighborhood-level disparity persists after controlling for density, socioeconomic status, and crime-driven demand for policing, and may be lower in cities with more Black police supervisors (but not officers). Patterns of police presence statistically explain 57% of the higher arrest rate in more Black neighborhoods.