升温：西非的极端高温与劳动影响

Journal of Development Economics · 2025 · [{"name": "Martin Paul Jr. Tabe‐Ojong", "affiliation": ["Central University of Technology", "World Bank"]}, {"name": "Ange Kakpo", "affiliation": ["Seattle Pacific University"]}, {"name": "Jourdain Lokossou", "affiliation": ["Université Laval"]}]

中文摘要

我们利用地球观测数据以及来自加纳的微观数据，考察极端高温对加纳、马里和尼日利亚家庭劳动配置的影响。我们发现，极端高温以不同方式影响家庭劳动，且存在显著的跨国异质性。在尼日利亚，极端高温在扩展边际上减少了劳动使用，但在集约边际上增加了劳动使用。值得注意的是，在扩展边际上，童工增加而成人劳动下降。在马里，极端高温导致家庭劳动总体增加，尤其是在妇女和儿童中；而加纳除童工减少外影响甚微。在极端高温暴露下，马里和尼日利亚的雇佣劳动、畜力牵引及相关劳动成本均有所下降。这些模式可由农民的适应性策略解释：极端高温引发害虫、杂草和病害的滋生，这可能促使农民使用更多农药并从事人工除草，而这些活动都属于劳动密集型。此外，家庭依赖耐气候作物品种和耕地扩张，这也可能需要额外的劳动投入。这些发现凸显了因地制宜的适应策略的重要性，以及极端高温对西非农村劳动力市场所产生的复杂而微妙的影响。

Abstract

We examine the impact of extreme heat on household labor allocation in Ghana, Mali, and Nigeria using earth observation and microdata from Ghana. We find that extreme heat affects household labor in distinct ways with significant cross-country heterogeneities. In Nigeria, extreme heat reduces labor use at the extensive margin but increases labor use at the intensive margin. Notably, child labor rises while adult labor declines at the extensive margin. In Mali, extreme heat leads to an overall increase in household labor, particularly among women and children, whereas Ghana shows minimal impact except for reduced child labor. Both Mali and Nigeria experience decreases in hired labor, animal traction, and associated labor costs under extreme heat exposure. These patterns could be explained by farmers’ adaptive strategies: extreme heat triggers the build-up of pests, weeds, and diseases, which could induce farmers to use more pesticides and engage in manual weeding, which are labor-demanding. Moreover, households rely on climate-resistant crop varieties and cropland expansion, which may require additional labor. These findings underscore the importance of context-specific adaptation strategies and the nuanced effects of extreme heat on rural labor markets in West Africa.