大学对地方产业增长的持续影响: 来自中国 20 世纪 50 年代政策导向的高校搬迁的证据
Persistent effects of universities on local industrial growth: Evidence from China's policy-induced college relocation in the 1950s
Journal of Development Economics · 2025 · [{"name": "Jianyong Fan", "affiliation": ["Fudan University"]}, {"name": "Wei Tang", "affiliation": ["Shanghai University of Finance and Economics"]}, {"name": "Feng Zhang", "affiliation": ["Nanjing University of Finance and Economics"]}]
中文摘要
本文利用20世纪50年代中国一次大规模院系调整计划——该计划重新分配了全国超过三分之二的大学院系——考察大学对地方产业发展的长期影响。这些调整在计划经济时期影响有限，但在1978年中国经济自由化之后，其影响日益显著。我们的研究发现，在与被调整院系存在技术关联的产业中，总就业、企业数量和生产率均受到显著影响。重要的是，这些效应随时间推移而增强，与同期主要重新分配物质资本的基于地域的政策形成鲜明对比。我们强调，直接知识溢出与行业特定本地人才库的形成，是驱动院系调整效应的两个内在机制。
Abstract
This paper examines the long-term impact of universities on local industrial development by leveraging a large-scale department relocation program in China during the 1950s, which reassigned more than two thirds of all university departments nationwide. While these relocations had limited influence under the planned economy, their impact became increasingly pronounced after China's economic liberalization in 1978. Our findings reveal substantial effects on total employment, firm numbers, and productivity in industries technologically related to the relocated departments. Importantly, these effects intensified over time, in sharp contrast to contemporaneous place-based policies that primarily redistributed physical capital. We highlight direct knowledge spillovers and the formation of industry-specific local talent pool as two underlying mechanisms driving the relocation effects.
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