跨国职业许可分析
Analyzing Occupational Licensing Across Nations
NBER Working Papers · 2026 · [{"name": "Jonathan S. Hartley", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Morris M. Kleiner", "affiliation": []}]
中文摘要
以往人们对各国职业许可情况的了解相对较少。我们利用具有全国代表性的调查数据（包括针对此前未被研究国家的新调查），为44个国家汇编了统一的职业许可普及率估计值。职业许可覆盖率从丹麦约14%的劳动者到印度和南非超过40%的劳动者不等。在不同设定下，持证劳动者的工资比可比的未持证劳动者高6%至19%。职业许可普及率与人均GDP和治理质量呈负相关，与非正规就业呈正相关，这表明职业许可与劳动力市场效率、正规化程度以及长期经济发展相互交织。
Abstract
Relatively little is known about occupational licensing across nations. We assemble harmonized estimates of licensing prevalence for 44 countries using nationally representative surveys, including new surveys for previously unstudied countries. Licensing ranges from roughly 14 percent of workers in Denmark to more than 40 percent in India and South Africa. Licensed workers earn 6 to 19 percent higher wages than comparable unlicensed workers across specifications. Licensing prevalence is negatively associated with GDP per capita and governance quality, and positively associated with informal employment, suggesting occupational licensing is intertwined with labor market efficiency, formalization, and long-run economic development.