保护优先与环境抵消: 佛罗里达湿地的市场
Conservation Priorities and Environmental Offsets: Markets for Florida Wetlands
American Economic Review · 2023 · [{"name": "Mark Aronoff", "affiliation": ["Massachusetts Institute of Technology"]}, {"name": "Will Rafey", "affiliation": ["University of California, Los Angeles"]}]
中文摘要
我们提出一个用于评估环境抵消市场价值的实证框架。利用新收集的湿地保护与抵消数据，我们将该框架应用于评估佛罗里达州的一组分散化市场——在这些市场中，土地开发商向长期存续的生产者购买抵消额度，后者随时间推移持续修复湿地。我们发现，相对于直接保护，抵消交易在1995—2020年间带来了可观的私人贸易收益，创造了24亿美元的净剩余。抵消交易还产生了新的水文外部性。一项局部差异化的庇古税本可避免16亿美元的新增洪水损失，同时保留超过三分之二的私人贸易收益。
Abstract
We introduce an empirical framework for valuing markets in environmental offsets. Using newly-collected data on wetland conservation and offsets, we apply this framework to evaluate a set of decentralized markets in Florida, where land developers purchase offsets from long-lived producers who restore wetlands over time. We find that offsets led to substantial private gains from trade, creating $2.4 billion of net surplus from 1995–2020 relative to direct conservation. Offset trading also generated new hydrological externalities. A locally differentiated Pigouvian tax would have prevented $1.6 billion of new flood damage while preserving more than two-thirds of the private gains from trade.