性别平等的内部与制度障碍: 来自英国政治的证据
Internal Versus Institutional Barriers to Gender Equality: Evidence from British Politics
American Economic Review · 2024 · [{"name": "N. S. Arun Kumar", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "U.S. Senator Mike Lee", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Matt Lowe", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Olaitan Ogunnote", "affiliation": []}]
中文摘要
每周抽签决定哪些政治人物可以在男性主导、气氛嘈杂的议事厅中向英国首相提问。抽签获胜者在下一次选举中的得票优势提高4%，但女性提交问题的可能性比同届男性低12%。由抽签带来的提问经验并未消除这一性别差距，但在提问形式改变——问题改为面向更小、更安静的听众——之后，差距随之消失。这一转换不成比例地吸引了声音较轻柔的女性参与提问。我们的研究结果支持以制度变革而非经验积累，作为应对英国议会等对抗性环境中性别差距的对策。（JEL D44, D72, J16）
Abstract
Weekly lotteries determine which politicians ask the UK prime minister a question in front of a male-dominated, noisy chamber. Lottery winners receive 4 percent higher vote margin in the next election, but women are 12 percent less likely to submit questions than same-cohort men. The gender gap does not close with lottery-induced experience asking a question, but it closes after a format change, with questions asked to a smaller, quieter audience. The switch differentially draws in women with quieter voices. Our findings support institutional change, rather than experience, as a response to gender gaps in adversarial settings like the UK Parliament. (JEL D44, D72, J16)