劳动力市场竞争与不平等
Labor Market Competition and Inequality
Journal of Development Economics · 2023 · [{"name": "Jose Garcia‐Louzao", "affiliation": ["Ifo Institute for Economic Research", "Vilnius University", "Bank of Lithuania"]}, {"name": "Alessandro Ruggieri", "affiliation": ["University of Nottingham"]}]
中文摘要
我们利用一个新颖的机会，研究经济发展过程中工资不平等与劳动力市场竞争的动态演变。研究背景为立陶宛：该国二十年的持续增长与劳动力市场趋紧，与工资不平等的大幅下降同时出现。我们首先拟合一个包含劳动者和企业异质性的双向固定效应模型，发现企业固定效应方差的压缩是不平等下降的主要来源。在标准动态买方垄断模型的指导下，我们进一步估计企业的劳动供给弹性，结果显示劳动力市场竞争在同一时期有所增强。最后，我们构建了一个 shift-share（转移份额）工具变量，并提供证据表明，2004年加入欧盟所创造的新就业机会，通过影响立陶宛的劳动力市场竞争，促成了不平等的下降。
Abstract
We exploit a novel opportunity to study the dynamics of wage inequality and labor market competition over the course of economic development. Our context is Lithuania, where two decades of sustained growth and labor market tightening coincided with a substantial decline in wage inequality. We first fit a two-way fixed-effects model with worker and firm heterogeneity and document that the compression of the variance of firm fixed effects has been the main source of the fall in inequality. Guided by a standard dynamic monopsony model, we then estimate firms’ labor supply elasticities and show that labor market competition has increased over the same period. Finally, we construct a shift-share instrument and provide evidence that new job opportunities created by the accession to the European Union in 2004 contributed to the fall in inequality through their impact on labor market competition in Lithuania.