出口市场准入对劳动力市场势力的影响: 来自越南的企业层面证据

中文摘要

本文考察《美国-越南双边贸易协定》(BTA)带来的出口市场扩张对越南本地劳动力市场中制造业企业间竞争的影响。我们采用非参数生产函数方法, 测度均衡状态下劳动边际收益产品(MRPL)与工资之间的扭曲性楔子。研究发现, 中位数制造业企业支付给工人的工资仅为其MRPL的59%。BTA显著降低了美国对越南产品的进口关税; 在BTA之后, 受关税削减影响更大的行业中的企业, 就业增长更快, 其MRPL-工资楔子下降也更快。我们发现, BTA使制造业劳动力市场扭曲永久性下降3.4%, 且该效应集中于国内私营企业, 降幅达4.9%。我们利用性别构成信息, 分别估计了男性与女性的MRPL-工资楔子, 发现女性的中位数扭曲程度比男性高26%, 而女性扭曲程度的下降(超过12%)是BTA导致劳动力市场扭曲整体下降的主要驱动因素。我们的理论与实证结果表明, 外商直接投资(FDI)企业的进入, 叠加总劳动供给弹性的差异性, 共同解释了上述结果。

Abstract

This paper examines the impact of an export market expansion created by the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) on competition among manufacturing firms in Vietnam’s local labor markets. Using a nonparametric production function approach, we measure distortionary wedges between equilibrium marginal revenue products of labor (MRPL) and wages. We find that the median manufacturing firm pays workers 59% of their MRPL. Following the BTA, which significantly reduced US import tariffs for Vietnamese products, firms in industries exposed more to the tariff reductions saw faster employment growth and faster declines in their MRPL-wage wedge. We find that the BTA permanently decreases labor market distortion in manufacturing by 3.4%, and the effect concentrates on domestic private firms with a magnitude of 4.9%. We exploit information on the gender composition to estimate the MRPL-wage wedges separately for men and women. We find that the median distortion is 26% higher for women relative to men, and the decline in distortion for women, amounting to more than 12%, is the driver of the overall reduction in labor market distortion attributable to the BTA. Our theory and empirics suggest that the entry of FDI firms combined with differential aggregate labor supply elasticities explains these results.