The Effect of Export Market Access on Labor Market Power: Firm-Level Evidence from Vietnam
中文摘要
本文考察《美越双边贸易协定》（BTA）所带来的出口市场扩张，对越南地方劳动力市场中制造业企业间竞争的影响。我们采用非参数生产函数方法，测量均衡状态下劳动边际收益产品（MRPL）与工资之间的扭曲楔子。我们发现，中位数制造业企业支付给工人的工资为其MRPL的59%。BTA显著降低了美国对越南产品的进口关税；协定实施后，所在行业受关税削减影响更大的企业，其就业增长更快，MRPL-工资楔子的下降也更快。我们发现，BTA使制造业劳动力市场扭曲永久性下降3.4%，且该效应集中于国内私营企业，幅度为4.9%。我们利用性别构成信息，分别估计男性和女性的MRPL-工资楔子。结果表明，女性的中位数扭曲程度比男性高26%；女性扭曲的下降幅度超过12%，是BTA所致劳动力市场扭曲整体下降的主要驱动力。我们的理论与实证分析表明，外商直接投资（FDI）企业的进入与总体劳动供给弹性的差异相结合，可以解释这些结果。
Abstract
This paper examines the impact of an export market expansion created by the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) on competition among manufacturing firms in Vietnam’s local labor markets. Using a nonparametric production function approach, we measure distortionary wedges between equilibrium marginal revenue products of labor (MRPL) and wages. We find that the median manufacturing firm pays workers 59% of their MRPL. Following the BTA, which significantly reduced US import tariffs for Vietnamese products, firms in industries exposed more to the tariff reductions saw faster employment growth and faster declines in their MRPL-wage wedge. We find that the BTA permanently decreases labor market distortion in manufacturing by 3.4%, and the effect concentrates on domestic private firms with a magnitude of 4.9%. We exploit information on the gender composition to estimate the MRPL-wage wedges separately for men and women. We find that the median distortion is 26% higher for women relative to men, and the decline in distortion for women, amounting to more than 12%, is the driver of the overall reduction in labor market distortion attributable to the BTA. Our theory and empirics suggest that the entry of FDI firms combined with differential aggregate labor supply elasticities explains these results.