区位，区位，区位
Location, Location, Location
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · 2024 · [{"name": "David Card", "affiliation": ["University of California, Berkeley"]}, {"name": "Jesse Rothstein", "affiliation": ["University of California, Berkeley"]}, {"name": "Moises Yi", "affiliation": ["United States Census Bureau"]}]
中文摘要
我们使用雇主—雇员关联数据研究区位对美国收入的因果效应。我们估计了一个包含雇主效应和雇员效应的模型，并将其加总至通勤区（CZ）层面。跨企业的排序会使传统的“迁移者”设计产生偏误。在控制企业排序后，我们的模型能够准确预测 CZ 迁移者的收入变化。劳动者技能解释了 CZ 间观测到的收入差异的一半；可观测特征低估了这一比例。产业构成对平均区位效应的解释力很小。平均而言，成本至少抵消了 CZ 收入溢价；迁移至高工资 CZ 的劳动者实际消费相等或更低。（JEL J24, J31, R23, R32）
Abstract
We use linked employer–employee data to study the causal effects of location on earnings in the United States. We estimate a model with employer and employee effects, then aggregate to the commuting zone (CZ) level. Sorting across firms biases traditional “movers” designs. Our model accurately predicts earnings changes for CZ movers after accounting for firm sorting. Worker skills explain half of observed earnings differences across CZs; observable characteristics understate this. Industry composition explains little of average place effects. Costs at least offset CZ earnings premia on average; workers who move to higher-wage CZs have equal or lower real consumption. (JEL J24, J31, R23, R32)