碳定价与不平等：规范性视角
Carbon Pricing and Inequality: A Normative Perspective
The Economic Journal · 2026 · [{"name": "Saki Bigio", "affiliation": ["University of California, Los Angeles"]}, {"name": "Diego R. Känzig", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Pablo Antonio Fernández Sánchez", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Conor Walsh", "affiliation": ["Columbia University"]}]
中文摘要
尽管碳税在经济学家中获得广泛认可，却持续面临公众抵制。我们通过估计意外的欧洲碳价格变化对消费者价格、劳动收入、金融财富和政府转移支付的影响，衡量福利损失的来源及其分布。由碳政策引致的能源价格每上涨1%，会导致平均福利损失约相当于家庭三年消费的0.5%，这主要由间接劳动收入效应驱动。更年轻、更贫困和受教育程度较低的家庭，尤其是南欧和东欧的家庭，承担了不成比例的负担。这些发现表明，公众对碳税的反对可能源于合理的分配关切。
Abstract
Abstract Despite broad acceptance among economists, carbon taxes face persistent public resistance. We measure the sources and distribution of welfare losses from unexpected European carbon price changes by estimating their impact on consumer prices, labour income, financial wealth and government transfers. A 1% carbon-policy-induced increase in energy prices leads to an average welfare loss of about 0.5% of a household’s three-year consumption, primarily driven by indirect labour-income effects. Younger, poorer and less educated households, especially in Southern and Eastern Europe, bear a disproportionate burden. These findings suggest that public opposition to carbon taxes could stem from legitimate distributional concerns.