欧洲绿色转型中的不平等
Inequality Along the European Green Transition
The Economic Journal · 2025 · [{"name": "Guido Ascari", "affiliation": ["University of Oxford", "Centre for Economic Policy Research", "De Nederlandsche Bank"]}, {"name": "Andrea Colciago", "affiliation": ["University of Milano-Bicocca", "De Nederlandsche Bank"]}, {"name": "Timo Haber", "affiliation": ["De Nederlandsche Bank"]}, {"name": "Stefan W ouml hrm uuml ller", "affiliation": []}]
中文摘要
欧盟计划到2030年将绿色能源消费占比提高至42.5%。欧洲绿色转型将如何影响不平等？本文使用一个针对欧洲数据校准、对能源与非能源商品具有非位似偏好的异质性主体模型来回答这一问题。我们考察了在不同税收收入循环利用策略下，为实现欧盟目标而提高碳税所产生的影响。通过统一转移支付重新分配税收收入可降低消费不平等，将福利负担转移至高收入家庭，但会导致显著的产出损失。补贴绿色能源生产者可提升能源产量、减少产出损失，并使实现欧盟目标所需的碳税更低。然而，这会加剧消费和收入不平等，福利成本最高的群体是低收入和资产贫乏家庭。我们的研究结果凸显了绿色转型政策中公平与效率之间的关键权衡。
Abstract
Abstract The EU aims for 42.5% green energy consumption by 2030. What are the effects of the European green transition on inequality? We answer this question using a heterogeneous-agent model with non-homothetic preferences for energy and non-energy goods, calibrated to European data. We study the impact of an increase in carbon taxes designed to meet the EU target under different revenue-recycling strategies. Redistributing tax revenues via uniform transfers reduces consumption inequality, shifts the welfare burden to high-income households, but leads to significant output losses. Subsidising green energy producers boosts energy production, reduces output losses and requires a smaller carbon tax to meet the EU target. However, it increases consumption and income inequality, with the highest welfare costs borne by low-income and asset-poor households. Our findings highlight key trade-offs between equity and efficiency in green transition policies.