黄金与鲜血的故事：市场放松管制对地方暴力的后果
A tale of gold and blood: The consequences of market deregulation on local violence
Journal of Public Economics · 2025 · [{"name": "Leila Pereira", "affiliation": ["Insper"]}, {"name": "Rafael Pucci", "affiliation": ["Universidade de São Paulo"]}]
中文摘要
我们考察了巴西如何通过放松管制、取消并废除其黄金交易去中心化监测结构，最终导致与非法金矿开采相关的暴力上升。我们采用双重差分（DID）设计，并使用一个独特数据库，该数据库结合了金矿床位置与禁止采矿的保护区位置。研究表明，放松管制后，更多暴露于非法金矿开采的市镇每10万人的凶杀案数几乎增加了10起——约高出30%。我们还发现提示性证据显示，在暴露市镇的保护区内，金矿开采用地有所增加，这可作为非法采矿的一个指标。
Abstract
We investigate how deregulating and disabling a decentralized structure for monitoring gold transactions in Brazil ultimately led to an increase in violence related to illegal gold mining. We use a Difference-in-Differences design and a unique database that combines the location of gold deposits and protected areas, where mining is forbidden. We demonstrate that municipalities more exposed to illegal gold mining experienced almost ten additional homicides per 100,000 people - roughly 30 % more - after the deregulation. We also find suggestive evidence of more gold-mining land use inside protected areas in exposed municipalities, which serves as an indicator of illegal mining.