互联网与社交媒体的政治效应
Political Effects of the Internet and Social Media
Annual Review of Economics · 2020 · [{"name": "Ekaterina Zhuravskaya", "affiliation": ["Paris School of Economics"]}, {"name": "Maria Petrova", "affiliation": ["New Economic School", "Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats", "Universitat Pompeu Fabra", "Barcelona School of Economics", "Institut de Política Econòmica i Governança"]}, {"name": "Рубен Ениколопов", "affiliation": ["New Economic School", "Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats", "Universitat Pompeu Fabra", "Barcelona School of Economics", "Institut de Política Econòmica i Governança"]}]
中文摘要
互联网和社交媒体如何影响政治结果？我们回顾了近期政治经济学文献中的实证证据，主要关注那些考察互联网和社交媒体区别于传统线下媒体特征（例如较低的进入壁垒、对用户生成内容的依赖）的研究。我们讨论了互联网总体上、特别是社交媒体，对投票、街头抗议、对政府的态度、政治极化、仇外心理以及政治家行为影响的主要结果。我们还回顾了关于社交媒体在假新闻传播中所起作用的证据，并总结了威权政权审查互联网、以及利用社交媒体进行监视和宣传所采用策略的相关结果。最后，我们强调了关于互联网和社交媒体如何塑造民主国家与威权国家政治的若干未决问题。
Abstract
How do the Internet and social media affect political outcomes? We review empirical evidence from the recent political economy literature, focusing primarily on work that considers traits that distinguish the Internet and social media from traditional off-line media, such as low barriers to entry and reliance on user-generated content. We discuss the main results about the effects of the Internet in general, and social media in particular, on voting, street protests, attitudes toward government, political polarization, xenophobia, and politicians’ behavior. We also review evidence on the role of social media in the dissemination of fake news, and we summarize results about the strategies employed by autocratic regimes to censor the Internet and to use social media for surveillance and propaganda. We conclude by highlighting open questions about how the Internet and social media shape politics in democracies and autocracies.