Annual Review of Economics · 2020 · [{"name": "Douglas A. Irwin", "affiliation": ["Dartmouth College"]}]
中文摘要
本文回顾了美国历史进程中贸易政策的广泛变迁。进口关税一直是贸易政策的主要工具, 具有三个主要目的: 为政府增加财政收入、限制进口并保护国内生产者免受外国竞争, 以及达成降低贸易壁垒的互惠协定。这三个目标——收入、限制和互惠——分别在历史上三个连续时期之一中占据主导地位。这些关税的政治经济学, 受到贸易相关经济利益在不同地区的分布以及这些地区在国会中的政治权力的驱动。本文还讨论了贸易政策对美国经济的影响, 例如关税的福利成本、保护主义在促进美国工业化中的作用, 以及《斯穆特-霍利关税法》与20世纪30年代大萧条之间的关系。
Abstract
This article reviews the broad changes in US trade policy over the course of the nation's history. Import tariffs have been the main instrument of trade policy and have had three main purposes: to raise revenue for the government, to restrict imports and protect domestic producers from foreign competition, and to reach reciprocity agreements that reduce trade barriers. Each of these three objectives—revenue, restriction, and reciprocity—was predominant in one of three consecutive periods in history. The political economy of these tariffs has been driven by the location of trade-related economic interests in different regions and the political power of those regions in Congress. The review also addresses the impact of trade policies on the US economy, such as the welfare costs of tariffs, the role of protectionism in fostering US industrialization, and the relationship between the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act and the Great Depression of the 1930s.