开放军事创新：美国国防研究改革的因果效应

中文摘要

政府在采购创新成果时面临一项选择：是明确规定所需产品（“传统型”方法），还是允许企业自行提出创意（“开放型”方法）。利用美国空军一项研发资助计划——该计划同时举办开放型与传统型竞赛——我们发现，开放型资助既促进了商业创新，也提高了军方对技术的采用。相比之下，传统型资助并未产生积极的技术效应，却造成了更严重的项目锁定。开放型计划吸引了新类型的申请者（例如初创企业），但除了引致选择效应外，开放性本身也具有差异化影响。这些结果表明，采用开放型创新采购方式具有益处。

Abstract

For governments procuring innovation, one choice is whether to specify desired products (a "Conventional" approach) or allow firms to suggest ideas (an "Open" approach). Using a U.S. Air Force R&D grant program, where Open and Conventional competitions were held simultaneously, we find that Open awards increase both commercial innovation and technology adoption by the military. In contrast, Conventional awards have no positive technology effects, but do create more program lock-in. The Open program attracts new types of applicants (e.g. start-ups), but openness also has a differential impact beyond inducing selection. These results suggest benefits from open approaches to innovation procurement.