开放军事创新：美国国防研究改革的因果效应
Opening Up Military Innovation: Causal Effects of Reforms to US Defense Research
Journal of Political Economy · 2025 · [{"name": "Sabrina T Howell", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Jason Rathje", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "John Van Reenen", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Jun Wong", "affiliation": []}]
中文摘要
对于采购创新的政府而言，一个选择是指定所需产品（“传统”方法），还是允许企业提出想法（“开放”方法）。利用一项美国空军研发资助项目——该项目中开放型竞赛与传统型竞赛同时举行——我们发现，开放型资助既提升了商业创新，也提高了军方对技术的采用。相比之下，传统型资助并未产生正向的技术效应，但确实造成了更多的项目锁定。开放型项目吸引了新类型的申请者（如初创企业），但开放性的作用并不仅限于诱导选择效应，还具有额外的差异化影响。这些结果表明，在创新采购中采用开放方法具有益处。
Abstract
For governments procuring innovation, one choice is whether to specify desired products (a "Conventional" approach) or allow firms to suggest ideas (an "Open" approach). Using a U.S. Air Force R&D grant program, where Open and Conventional competitions were held simultaneously, we find that Open awards increase both commercial innovation and technology adoption by the military. In contrast, Conventional awards have no positive technology effects, but do create more program lock-in. The Open program attracts new types of applicants (e.g. start-ups), but openness also has a differential impact beyond inducing selection. These results suggest benefits from open approaches to innovation procurement.