吉姆·克劳制度与奴隶制后黑人经济进步
Jim Crow and Black Economic Progress after Slavery
Quarterly Journal of Economics · 2024 · [{"name": "Lukas Althoff", "affiliation": ["Economic Policy Institute", "Stanford University"]}, {"name": "Hugo Reichardt", "affiliation": ["London School of Economics and Political Science"]}]
中文摘要
本文研究奴隶制及限制性的吉姆·克劳制度对美国黑人经济结果的长期影响。我们追踪了1850年至1940年间每个黑人家庭的个体层面人口普查记录，并将分析扩展至2000年的社区层面结果和2023年基于姓氏的结果。我们发现，祖先直到南北战争结束才摆脱奴役的黑人家庭，其教育、收入和财富水平远低于祖先在南北战争前已获得自由的黑人家庭。两组之间的差距之所以在很大程度上持续存在，是因为大多数直到南北战争结束才摆脱奴役的家庭，在奴隶制废除后仍生活在实行严格吉姆·克劳制度的州。在一项基于祖先受奴役地点的断点回归设计中，我们表明，吉姆·克劳制度在长期内急剧削弱了黑人家庭的经济进步。
Abstract
Abstract This article studies the long-run effects of slavery and restrictive Jim Crow institutions on Black Americans’ economic outcomes. We track individual-level census records of each Black family from 1850 to 1940 and extend our analysis to neighborhood-level outcomes in 2000 and surname-based outcomes in 2023. We show that Black families whose ancestors were enslaved until the Civil War have considerably lower education, income, and wealth than Black families whose ancestors were free before the Civil War. The disparities between the two groups have persisted substantially because most families enslaved until the Civil War lived in states with strict Jim Crow regimes after slavery ended. In a regression discontinuity design based on ancestors’ enslavement locations, we show that Jim Crow institutions sharply reduced Black families’ economic progress in the long run.