美国与发达国家的全民基本收入
Universal Basic Income in the United States and Advanced Countries
Annual Review of Economics · 2019 · [{"name": "Hilary Hoynes", "affiliation": ["University of California, Berkeley"]}, {"name": "Jesse Rothstein", "affiliation": ["University of California, Berkeley"]}]
中文摘要
我们讨论了全民基本收入（UBI）在发达国家可能发挥的作用。发达经济体区别于发展中国家的一个特征在于，它们拥有成熟、但往往并不完善的社会安全网。我们构建了一个足够灵活、能够涵盖大多数现有项目以及UBI的转移支付项目描述框架，并以此框架将各种UBI方案与美国现有的项目体系进行比较。与现有项目相比，UBI会将更大比例的转移支付分配给无子女、非老年、非残疾家庭，并更多地流向中等收入家庭而非贫困家庭。若UBI规模大到足以增加对低收入家庭的转移支付，其成本将极其高昂。我们回顾了劳动供给文献中有关UBI可能影响的证据，并认为正在进行的UBI试点研究对解决这些主要悬而未决的问题作用甚微。
Abstract
We discuss the potential role of universal basic incomes (UBIs) in advanced countries. A feature of advanced economies that distinguishes them from developing countries is the existence of well-developed, if often incomplete, safety nets. We develop a framework for describing transfer programs that is flexible enough to encompass most existing programs as well as UBIs, and we use this framework to compare various UBIs to the existing constellation of programs in the United States. A UBI would direct much larger shares of transfers to childless, nonelderly, nondisabled households than existing programs, and much more to middle-income rather than poor households. A UBI large enough to increase transfers to low-income families would be enormously expensive. We review the labor supply literature for evidence on the likely impacts of a UBI. We argue that the ongoing UBI pilot studies will do little to resolve the major outstanding questions.