全民基本收入：若干理论问题
Universal Basic Income: Some Theoretical Aspects
Annual Review of Economics · 2019 · [{"name": "Maitreesh Ghatak", "affiliation": ["London School of Economics and Political Science"]}, {"name": "François Maniquet", "affiliation": ["UCLouvain"]}]
中文摘要
本文从理论角度评述全民基本收入（UBI）方案的合意性与可行性。我们首先讨论UBI可能的理论依据，将其无条件性与通常伴随其他福利政策的诸多附加条件进行对比。这些依据既包括纯粹的规范性理由，也包括因甄别受益人存在困难、以及负责实施税收与福利政策的相关机构存在缺陷而产生的实践性理由。接着，我们探讨决定UBI可行性与规模的条件。总体而言，我们的评述表明，无论从规范性还是实践性考虑出发，UBI作为发展中国家减贫工具都比作为发达国家实现社会正义的工具更容易得到辩护。
Abstract
In this article, we review the desirability and feasibility of a universal basic income (UBI) scheme from the theoretical point of view. We first discuss the possible theoretical justifications of UBI, contrasting the unconditionality of UBI with the many conditions that typically accompany other welfare policies. These justifications range from pure normative reasons to practical reasons due to the problem of screening beneficiaries and imperfections in institutions in charge of implementing tax and welfare policies. Next, we explore the conditions that determine the feasibility and size of a UBI. The broad picture that emerges from our review is that both normative and practical considerations make UBI easier to defend as a tool of poverty alleviation in developing countries than as a tool to achieve social justice in developed ones.