Annual Review of Economics · 2019 · [{"name": "Gabriel Zucman", "affiliation": ["National Bureau of Economic Research", "University of California, Berkeley"]}]
中文摘要
本文回顾了关于全球财富不平等动态的最新文献。首先, 我调和了美国财富不平等现有估计之间的差异。调查数据与税务数据均显示, 自20世纪80年代以来, 财富不平等急剧上升, 顶层1%的财富份额已从20世纪80年代的25%–30%升至2016年的约40%。其次, 我讨论了关于全球范围财富不平等这一快速增长的文献。证据表明全球财富集中度正在上升: 就中国、欧洲和美国合计而言, 顶层1%的财富份额已从1980年的28%增至今天的33%, 而底层75%人群的份额则始终徘徊在10%左右。然而, 由于金融全球化使得衡量顶层财富愈发困难, 近期研究可能低估了不平等的程度及其上升幅度。我讨论了如何利用新的数据来源(金融机构泄露数据、税收特赦以及避税天堂的宏观经济统计)来更好地捕捉富人的财富。
Abstract
This article reviews the recent literature on the dynamics of global wealth inequality. I first reconcile available estimates of wealth inequality in the United States. Both surveys and tax data show that wealth inequality has increased dramatically since the 1980s, with a top 1% wealth share of approximately 40% in 2016 versus 25–30% in the 1980s. Second, I discuss the fast-growing literature on wealth inequality across the world. Evidence points toward a rise in global wealth concentration: For China, Europe, and the United States combined, the top 1% wealth share has increased from 28% in 1980 to 33% today, while the bottom 75% share hovered around 10%. Recent studies, however, may underestimate the level and rise of inequality, as financial globalization makes it increasingly hard to measure wealth at the top. I discuss how new data sources (leaks from financial institutions, tax amnesties, and macroeconomic statistics of tax havens) can be leveraged to better capture the wealth of the rich.