平台经济中的女性：来自印度和印度尼西亚司机的描述性证据

NBER Working Papers · 2026 · [{"name": "Achyuta Adhvaryu", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Levina Adiputri", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Valentina Brailovskaya", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Priyanka Dua", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Jenny Susan John", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Pratibha Joshi", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Terry Muthahhari", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Rivandra Royono", "affiliation": []}, {"name": "Jack Thunde", "affiliation": []}]

中文摘要

我们利用来自印度和印度尼西亚的调查与行政数据，就女性在基于平台的驾驶与配送工作中的经历提供描述性证据。通过与主要的两轮车平台合作，我们研究了具有代表性的司机样本，并对女性进行过度抽样以考察性别差异（印度：女性404人，男性2,153人；印度尼西亚：女性892人，男性2,114人）。女性参与率极低——印度为0.8%，印度尼西亚为1.5%——这与安全担忧、文化规范以及所需资产获取受限等障碍相一致。在确实参与平台工作的女性中，其使用方式与男性不同：女性工作时长更短，更倾向于在空闲时间登录，且更看重灵活性与补充性收入。女性的时薪低于男性——印度低6-8%，印度尼西亚低8-22%——这些差异与性别化的工作时间、地点和服务类型选择相一致，而这些选择很可能受到安全与家庭约束的影响。女性还面临独特的挑战：两国女性报告的骚扰率均更高，在印度尼西亚，女性还面临普遍的客户歧视和更高的事故率。与此同时，加入平台前处于失业状态的女性比例过高，且相较于男性，女性更可能报告当前收入高于此前工作的收入。总体而言，这些证据表明，在中低收入国家基于地理位置的平台工作中，灵活性与持续存在的性别特定风险、约束及不平等回报是如何并存的。

Abstract

We provide descriptive evidence on women's experiences in platform-based driving and delivery work using survey and administrative data from India and Indonesia. Partnering with major two-wheeler platforms, we study representative samples of drivers, oversampling women to examine gender differences (India: 404 women, 2,153 men; Indonesia: 892 women, 2,114 men). Female participation is extremely low -- 0.8% in India and 1.5% in Indonesia -- consistent with barriers related to safety concerns, cultural norms, and limited access to required assets. Among women who do enter, platform work is used differently than by men: women work fewer hours, are more likely to log in during free time, and place greater value on flexibility and supplemental earnings. Women earn less per hour than men -- by 6-8% in India and 8-22% in Indonesia -- differences that align with gendered choices over working times, locations, and service types, likely shaped by safety and domestic constraints. Women also face distinct challenges: higher reported harassment in both countries and, in Indonesia, widespread customer discrimination and higher accident rates. At the same time, a disproportionate share of women were unemployed before joining the platform, and women are more likely than men to report higher current earnings relative to prior work. Together, the evidence highlights how flexibility coexists with persistent gender-specific risks, constraints, and unequal returns in location-based platform work in low- and middle-income country contexts.