迫害与逃离：职业网络与纳粹德国高技能人才的外迁

中文摘要

我们研究职业网络在促进被纳粹政府免职的犹太学者移居海外方面的作用。我们利用个体层面免职时间的外生变异来估计因果效应。与早期移民者（于1933—1934年移居海外）联系更多的学者，更有可能移居海外。早期移民者充当了“桥接节点”，促进其他学者迁往其所在的移居地。我们还提供了社会联系随时间衰减的证据，并表明职业网络传递了无法公开观测到的信息。最后，我们研究了家庭、社区和职业这三类社会网络的相对重要性。

Abstract

We study the role of professional networks in facilitating emigration of Jewish academics dismissed from their positions by the Nazi government. We use individual-level exogenous variation in the timing of dismissals to estimate causal effects. Academics with more ties to early émigrés (emigrated 1933–1934) were more likely to emigrate. Early émigrés functioned as “bridging nodes” that facilitated emigration to their own destination. We also provide evidence of decay in social ties over time and show that professional networks transmit information that is not publicly observable. Finally, we study the relative importance of three types (family, community, professional) of social networks. (JEL I31, J44, N34, N44, Z12, Z13)