非二元与跨性别身份与收入：来自全国人口普查的证据
Nonbinary and Transgender Identities and Earnings: Evidence from a National Census
AER: Insights · 2026 · [{"name": "C. Carpenter", "affiliation": ["Vanderbilt University"]}, {"name": "Donn Feir", "affiliation": ["Center for Economic and Policy Research"]}, {"name": "Krishna Pendakur", "affiliation": ["Simon Fraser University"]}, {"name": "Casey Warman", "affiliation": ["Dalhousie University"]}]
中文摘要
我们利用大型人口普查数据，首次提供了关于非二元性别者——即不完全认同为男性或女性的个体——以及跨性别者——即其性别不同于出生时指定性别的个体——相对于顺性别者所经历的收入差距的证据。基于与税务记录相链接的受限访问 2021 年加拿大人口普查数据，我们发现，出生时被指定为男性的非二元性别者、跨性别男性、跨性别女性以及顺性别女性的收入均显著低于可比的顺性别男性。出生时被指定为女性的非二元性别者则承受额外的收入惩罚。职业分选差异解释了其中的部分差距。（JEL J16, J31, J71）
Abstract
We provide the first evidence from a large population census on earnings disparities experienced by nonbinary people—individuals who do not exclusively identify as men or women—and transgender people—individuals whose gender differs from their sex assigned at birth—relative to cisgender people. Using restricted-access 2021 Canadian census data linked to tax records, we find that nonbinary individuals assigned male at birth, transgender men, transgender women, and cisgender women all earn significantly less than comparable cisgender men. Nonbinary individuals assigned female at birth experience an additional earnings penalty. Differences in job sorting explain some of these disparities. (JEL J16, J31, J71)