Journal of Economic Literature · 2026 · [{"name": "Harry J. Holzer", "affiliation": ["Georgetown University"]}]
中文摘要
在本文中，我考察了我们对美国私人与公共劳动力发展 (workforce development) 已知与未知的内容。我重点介绍三类最重要的项目与政策：（i）经认证的高等教育机构、尤其是社区学院中的劳动力发展；（ii）其他公共资助或私人提供的培训与服务，包括面向经济中特定高需求部门的"部门培训"；以及（iii）在岗或基于工作的学习，包括学徒制。我梳理了关于劳动力发展的理论文献，以及上述三类关键类别的广泛图景。我综合了劳动力发展的实证文献：先比较所使用的不同数据来源、结果测度与实证方法，再回顾这三类中各自估计影响的相关文献。随后，在结论之前，我考察了关于劳动力发展的国际证据，以及美国与其他工业化国家在公共努力上的差异。（JEL I23, I26, J24, J31, M53）
Abstract
In this paper, I examine what we know and don’t know about both private and public workforce development in the United States. I highlight three of the most important categories of programs and policy: (i) workforce development in accredited higher education institutions, particularly community colleges; (ii) other publicly funded or private training and services, including “sectoral training” that targets specific high-demand sectors of the economy; and (iii) on-the-job or work-based learning, including apprenticeships. I summarize the theoretical literature on workforce development and a broad landscape of the three key categories. I synthesize the empirical literature on workforce development, beginning with comparisons of different data sources, outcome measures, and empirical methods used before reviewing the literature on estimated impacts in each of the three categories. I then consider the international evidence on workforce development and how public efforts differ between the United States and other industrial countries before concluding. (JEL I23, I26, J24, J31, M53)