中文摘要
本文利用《濒危物种法案》(ESA) 下物种列名在时间与地点上的变异,测度环境土地利用规制对住房供给的影响。在新建的市政住房许可面板数据中,我发现物种列名使每年每千名居民的许可发放量减少 0.5 份,约为年均发放量的 10%。该效应在不同物种、地理区域和地点特征下均稳健。该效应在关键栖息地列名时更大,在已提议但尚未执行的列名时为零,并在解除列名后发生逆转。卫星土地利用数据显示,绿地开发与填充式开发均出现下降,表明 ESA 限制了已开发地区的建设,而在这些已开发地区,该法带来的濒危物种栖息地保护收益有限。
Abstract
This paper measures the effect of environmental land use regulation on housing supply using variation in the timing and location of species listings under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). In a newly constructed panel of municipal housing permits, I find that species listings reduce annual permit flows by 0.5 permits per thousand residents, about 10% of the average annual flow. The effect is robust across different species, geographies, and place characteristics. The effect is larger for critical habitat listings, zero for proposed but not-yet-enforced listings, and is reversed after de-listings. Satellite land use data show reductions in both greenfield and infill development, suggesting that the ESA constrains construction in already-developed areas where benefits to endangered habitats are limited.