Enforcement spillovers under different networks: The case of quotas for persons with disabilities in Brazil
Journal of Development Economics · 2025 · Samuel Berlinski、Jessica Gagete-Miranda
中文摘要
本文考察巴西劳动法执法的溢出效应，重点关注对正规企业残疾人配额的执法情况。新的检查程序通过加强检查和罚款提高了合规程度，促进了残疾人雇用。增幅最大的是肢体残疾者，其次是视力障碍者和认知障碍者。新增雇员大多来自正规劳动力市场之外，也有部分是从其他企业挖来的。此外，大型企业中残疾人的任职期限有所延长。我们考察了邻里关系、所有权关系和人力资源专业人员网络等不同企业网络中的溢出效应。结果表明，溢出效应对残疾人就业的影响最高可达直接罚款影响的3.4倍。这些发现凸显了定向执法策略的潜力：即使在就业法合规程度较低的发展中经济体，此类策略也能将政策效果扩大至直接受影响企业之外。• 残疾人配额执法提高了巴西对残疾人的雇用。• 肢体、视力和认知障碍者的增幅最大。• 执法溢出效应提高了直接受罚企业之外其他企业的残疾人雇用。• 溢出效应通过邻里关系、所有权关系和人力资源专业人员网络传导。• 间接效应最高可达直接执法影响的3.4倍。
Abstract
This study examines labor law enforcement spillovers in Brazil, focusing on disability quota enforcement for formal firms. New inspection procedures increased compliance through heightened inspections and fines, boosting disability hiring. The largest increase is observed among individuals with mobility impairments, followed by those with visual and cognitive impairments. Most new hires came from outside the formal labor market, while some were poached from other firms. Additionally, job tenure for persons with disabilities in large firms improved. We investigate spillover effects across various firm networks: neighborhood, ownership, and human resources specialists. Results show that spillovers can have up to 3.4 times the impact on disability employment compared to direct fines. These findings highlight the potential for targeted enforcement strategies to amplify policy effectiveness beyond directly affected firms, even in developing economies characterized by low compliance with employment laws. • Enforcement of disability quotas raised hiring of persons with disabilities in Brazil. • Largest gains seen for individuals with mobility, visual, and cognitive impairments. • Enforcement spillovers raised disability hiring beyond directly fined firms. • Spillovers flowed through neighborhood, ownership, and HR specialist networks. • Indirect effects were up to 3.4 times stronger than direct enforcement impacts.