What one thinks, what one says and what one does: Male justifications and practices of gender-based violence in Mali
Journal of Development Economics · 2025 · Olivia Bertelli、Thomas Calvo、Emmanuelle Lavallée、Marion Mercier、Sandrine Mesplé‐Somps
中文摘要
性别暴力（GBV）在全球范围内普遍存在。虽然大多数文献关注作为性别暴力受害者的女性，但本文研究马里男性对性别暴力的正当化与实施，马里是世界上性别暴力发生率最高的国家之一。我们在首都巴马科对男性测度八项与性别暴力相关观点和行为的普遍程度，方法是通过实施一组列表实验，并将其与一组直接提问进行比较，以估计应答偏误。我们发现对性别暴力的支持度很高：近二分之一的受访者支持女性生殖器切割或亲密伴侣暴力。此外，四分之一的受访者曾对成年女性实施过身体暴力。我们的结果还表明，若干问题在直接提问时存在统计显著的应答偏误。对女性生殖器切割的支持被多报，实际赞成率低于公开声明的水平。相反，对亲密伴侣暴力的正当化被少报，这可能归因于反对它的社会压力。虽然应答偏误随受访者特征变化不大，但在具有中等教育水平的男性中，发生率系统性地较低。我们的结果与应答偏误由应对性别暴力的法律框架以及盛行社会规范所塑造的结论一致，凸显了在使用通过直接提问收集的数据时需要谨慎。• 我们使用列表实验（LEs）测度巴马科男性中与性别暴力相关的结果。• 约50%的受访者支持女性生殖器切割（FGM）和亲密伴侣暴力（IPV）。• 我们发现影响态度直接提问的巨大应答偏误。• 男性多报对女性生殖器切割的支持，但少报对亲密伴侣暴力的支持。• 我们的结果呼吁在使用关于性别暴力相关态度的声明性数据时保持谨慎。
Abstract
Gender-based violence (GBV) is widespread across the world. While the majority of the literature focuses on women as the victims of GBV, this paper studies men’s justifications for and perpetration of GBV in Mali, one of the countries with the highest GBV prevalence rates in the world. We elicit the prevalence of eight GBV-related opinions and behaviors among men in Bamako, the capital city, by administering a set of list experiments that we compare to a set of direct questions to estimate response biases. We find large support for GBV: nearly one respondent in two supports female genital mutilation or intimate partner violence. Besides, one in four has already physically hit an adult woman. Our results also show that several questions suffer from significant response biases when asked directly. Support for female genital mutilation is overreported, with actual approval being lower than openly stated. Conversely, justification of intimate partner violence is underreported, likely due to social pressure against it. While response bias varies little with respondent characteristics, prevalence rates are systematically lower among men with a secondary level of education. Our results are in line with response bias being shaped by the legal framework addressing GBV as well as prevailing social norms, highlighting the need for caution when using data collected through direct questioning. • We use List Experiments (LEs) to elicit GBV-related outcomes among men in Bamako. • About 50% support Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). • We find large response biases affecting direct questions on attitudes. • Men overreport their support for FGM but underreport their support for IPV. • Our results call for caution in using declarative data about GBV-related attitudes.