中文摘要
越来越多的证据表明，与发达经济体相比，发展中经济体的企业系统性地规模更小、增长更慢、更替率更低。这些特征部分由无雇员企业和微型企业驱动，它们在低收入环境中吸纳了大部分劳动者。本文综述了宏观发展研究，这些研究扩展了标准的 Lucas–Hopenhayn 框架，以解释较贫困经济体中企业规模更小、活力更有限的现象。对高生产率企业造成不成比例影响的扭曲，加上滞后的技术，成为核心的解释力量，尽管它们往往不足以复现经验数据中企业规模对 GDP 的弹性。纳入无雇员企业似乎提高了模型在多个数据维度上的匹配能力。识别扭曲与技术差距的可操作来源，并将企业层面数据与个体层面数据来源相结合，被强调为进一步改善学界对发展问题根源理解的另一些有前景的途径。
Abstract
A growing body of evidence shows that businesses in developing economies are systematically smaller, grow more slowly, and exhibit lower turnover than those in advanced economies. These patterns are driven in part by nonemployer and micro businesses, which absorb the bulk of workers in low-income settings. This article reviews macro development research that extends the standard Lucas–Hopenhayn framework to account for the smaller size and more limited dynamism of businesses in poorer economies. Distortions that disproportionately affect high-productivity firms, together with lagging technologies, emerge as central explanatory forces, though they often fall short of replicating the empirical size-to-GDP elasticity. Incorporating nonemployers appears to improve the model's ability to match several dimensions of the data. Identifying actionable sources of distortions and technology gaps and combining firm-level data with individual-level sources are highlighted as additional promising avenues to improve the profession's understanding of sources of the development problem.