中文摘要
各地劳动力市场的失业率差异很大。本文提供新的经验证据，表明较高的本地失业率源于较高的本地工作流失率（job-losing rate）。对工作稳定性空间差距起主要作用的是本地雇主，而非本地工人或地点特有因素。本文提出一个理论：由于各地劳动力市场雇主之间存在系统性差异，工作流失的空间差异在均衡中产生。雇主的空间分选决策进而塑造了不同地点之间的异质性。劳动力市场摩擦促使高生产率雇主过度重视彼此邻近选址。最优政策激励这些雇主向工作流失率较高的地区迁移，从而为常用的基于地域的政策（place-based policies）提供了理论依据。本文使用法国行政数据估计该模型。估计模型解释了失业率横截面离散程度的四分之三以上，并解释了工作流失率和工作找到率（job-finding rate）各自的贡献。雇主低效率的选址决策将空间失业差异放大了五倍。现实中的和最优的基于地域的政策均可带来可观的地方与总体福利收益。
Abstract
Abstract Unemployment rates differ widely across local labor markets. I offer new empirical evidence that high local unemployment emerges because of elevated local job-losing rates. Local employers, rather than local workers or location-specific factors, account for most of the spatial gaps in job stability. I propose a theory in which spatial differences in job loss emerge in equilibrium because of systematic differences between employers across local labor markets. The spatial sorting decisions of employers in turn shape heterogeneity across locations. Labor market frictions induce productive employers to overvalue locating close to each other. The optimal policy incentivizes them to relocate toward areas with high job-losing rates, providing a rationale for commonly used place-based policies. I estimate the model using French administrative data. The estimated model accounts for over three-quarters of the cross-sectional dispersion in unemployment rates and for the respective contributions of job-losing and job-finding rates. Inefficient location choices by employers amplify spatial unemployment differentials fivefold. Both real-world and optimal place-based policies can yield sizable local and aggregate welfare gains.