中文摘要
本文考察基于族裔的性别规范与冲突相关的性暴力之间的关系。我们构建了一个新的二元数据集，其中包含1989年至2019年间世界各地卷入族裔内战的全部行为主体的族裔身份信息及其性暴力使用情况。我们利用民族志信息，在族裔层面构建了一个新的男性主导指数，以刻画根深蒂固的性别规范。首先，我们发现男性主导的武装行为主体更可能是性暴力的实施者。其次，我们考察交战双方在性别规范上的文化距离，并表明性暴力是由关于男女在社会中适当角色的特定观念冲突所驱动：当实施者比受害者更为男性主导时，性暴力会增加。进一步分析表明，性别规范既影响出于军事目的对性暴力的策略性使用，也影响出于私人动机对性暴力的表达性使用。这些模式是性暴力所特有的，并不能解释冲突中的一般暴力。与性别无关的其他文化维度上的差异与冲突相关的性暴力无关。
Abstract
Abstract This article examines the relationship between ethnic-based gender norms and conflict-related sexual violence. We generate a novel dyadic data set that contains information on the ethnic identity of all the actors involved in ethnic civil conflicts around the world between 1989 and 2019 and their use of sexual violence. We exploit ethnographic information to construct a new male dominance index at the ethnicity level that captures deep-rooted gender norms. First, we find that male-dominant armed actors are more likely to be perpetrators of sexual violence. Second, we consider the cultural distance in gender norms between the combatants and show that sexual violence is driven by a specific clash of conceptions on the appropriate role of men and women in society: sexual violence increases when the perpetrator is more male dominant than the victim. Additional analyses suggest that gender norms influence both the strategic use of sexual violence for military purposes and the expressive use of sexual violence for private motivations. These patterns are specific to sexual violence and do not explain general violence in a conflict. Differences in other cultural dimensions unrelated to gender are not associated with conflict-related sexual violence.